At the cellular level, bifidobacterium upregulates suppressive regulatory t cells, maintains intestinal barrier function, modulates dendritic cell and macrophage activity, and dampens intestinal th2 and th17 programs. A lack of bifidobacteria and/or their genes required for the utilization of human milk oligosaccharides from breast milk is associated with systemic inflammation and immune imbalance early in life The early life period is a critical phase for the colonization of initial gut microbes in infants, during which the immune system develops and matures… Screening of a large collection of gut symbionts on gf mice identified a b Adolescentis strain which induces a robust th17 response, albeit not inducing intestinal inflammation (tan et al., 2016).
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